Constitutive-Parameter-Driven Angular Metasurfaces

Metasurfaces have revolutionized electromagnetic (EM) wave modulation across both the frequency and time domains, yet angular modulation remains underdeveloped due to the lack of analytical relationships between angular performance and structure, as well as unclear angular performance boundaries. To bridge these gaps, this work introduces a universal "angular response-constitutive parameter-structure" tripartite design paradigm, in which constitutive parameters serve as the core bridge directly mapping angular performance to metasurface structures. Analytical formulas are derived to establish the relationships between angular performance and constitutive parameters and to obtain the physical boundaries of angular performance. Subsequently, leveraging the known mapping between resonant structures and constitutive parameters in the Drude-Lorentz dispersion, folded resonators are employed to induce the required dispersive responses for pre-calculated constitutive parameters, thereby realizing a metasurface with an angular bandwidth of 19.2° and an angular selectivity of 1.51. Compared with conventional approaches, this paradigm eliminates the inherent trial-and-error process of structural selection, removing reliance on extensive and non-generalizable numerical simulations, while retaining only minor simulations for final optimizations. This work paves the way for advanced angular functionalities such as beam shaping and spatial-wave computation, promising potential applications in anti-interference communications, image edge detection, and multi-view holography.